Though Bulgaria is home to over 60 rivers, the country is surprisingly low on water resources. Bulgaria has just 6 lakes and 23 major dams, which together hold a limited volume of water. The southern part of the country faces particularly high water demand for agriculture due to less rainfall and hotter temperatures compared to the north. Climate change is projected to exacerbate these challenges, with annual river flow expected to decrease by 14% within the next five decades, potentially reaching a 20% reduction by the end of the century.

Bulgaria’s future water availability is deeply connected to broader shifts in climate patterns. Projections suggest that, by mid-century, the country could see a 9% drop in precipitation and available water, a figure that could rise to 13% by 2100. As the effects of climate change worsen, it is essential to find ways to secure Bulgaria’s water supply and protect its vulnerable ecosystems.

The Vital Role of Underground Water and Village Fountains

One of Bulgaria’s hidden strengths in managing water scarcity is its underground water system. This underground reservoir has long been a vital source of fresh water, especially in rural areas. A centuries-old tradition of building water fountains or “чешми” (cheshmi) has played a key role in distributing this water, particularly in small villages where infrastructure may be limited.

These fountains, fed by natural springs, create an important connection between underground aquifers and surface water systems. They provide a reliable source of drinking water and help sustain agriculture in remote areas. But their impact goes beyond just human use—they also support local ecosystems. The springs that feed these fountains form delicate ecotones, or transition zones, between different habitats. These zones are critical for preserving biodiversity, offering a home to plants, animals, and other organisms.

Even small ponds and puddles that form around these fountains play an important role. Though they may seem insignificant, these tiny wetlands are essential for local wildlife, providing a source of water for birds and other animals in both urban and rural areas. In fact, many animals rely on these water sources for survival, especially during periods of drought.

A Tradition Worth Preserving

The practice of building public fountains in Bulgaria dates back to ancient times, with historical examples from the Roman and Byzantine eras. In the past, these fountains were not just practical—they also carried cultural and spiritual significance. In some regions, particularly among Muslim communities in the Rhodope Mountains, offering water is seen as a charitable act, symbolizing purity and community.

However, this important tradition is at risk of being forgotten. As Bulgaria modernizes and shifts towards centralized water systems, fewer people are maintaining these fountains. This is a concerning trend, as these fountains offer a sustainable way to manage local water supplies, especially in areas prone to drought.

By preserving and revitalizing the tradition of building water fountains, Bulgaria can not only protect its water resources but also strengthen local ecosystems and safeguard its cultural heritage. 

The Path Forward

As Bulgaria faces an uncertain climate future, water conservation efforts must be prioritized. Managing underground water and continuing the tradition of fountains are just two ways to address the challenges ahead. 

In the coming decades, the preservation of Bulgaria’s water resources will require a combination of traditional practices and modern water management strategies. By acting now to protect both its natural and cultural water systems, Bulgaria can build resilience in the face of climate change and ensure a sustainable future for its people and environment.

By Diana Kostadinova, Bulgarian Team of Eco-mmunity activators